Social Construction Of Crime Criminology Essay

Social Construction Of offensive activity Criminology EssayCrime is a term that refers to galore(postnominal) types of misconduct that is forbidden by law. in that respect be a number of different reasons as to why offensive can be viewed as a fond mental synthesis. There cannot be social problems that argon not the ware of social construction naming, labelling, defining and chromo abtaboo mappingping them into place through which we can accept sense of them (Clarke, 2001). In this essay I will apologize what is social construction, similarly what evil is, and why we think, that crime is socially constructed. Furthermore, I will explain how media construct crime and the stigma of black crime. In the last paragraph I will explore the importance of Marxist and Durkheims theories on the emergence of crime.There is no doubt that crime is socially constructed. The constructionist perspective draws on a very different sociological inheritance, one that treats society as a ground substance of meaning. It accords a central role to the processes of constructing, producing and circulating meanings. Within this perspective, we cannot grasp reality in a direct and un negotiate way Reality is always mediated by meaning (John Clarke p.6). Indeed, some of its proponents argue that what we experience is the social construction of reality (Berger, 1967). How something or someone is named, identified and placed within a map of the social orders has profound consequences for how we act towards it or them (Becker, 1963).Public concern over crime relates mainly to theft and violence, which are regarded as being serious profuse to warrant sustained attention from the police. This concern, reflected in periodic moral panics, tends to ensure that many of those who are involved in theft and iniquitous violence do so as a form of secondary deviation. As a result, many of them develop a criminal identity (Becker, H. S, 1963).The national British crime survey reports ha ve demonstrated that the risk of being victims of crime is shaped by locality, lifestyle, age, gender and ethnicity. BCS confirm that the risk of being a victim of nexus crime are highest for men those aged down the stairs 30, those living in intercity areas and those living in privately rented accommodation. Noon the less according to the BCS it is frequently those who are least at risk of crime who are most anxious about it, notably older people and women(May et al,2009).The very good example of how crime can be socially constructed is Black Crime (McLaughlin, 264). During the early 1970s indicated, that the media has continued to project an image of Britain as a livid society (Hartman 1974). Crime and criminality came to be the central motif that constructed black people as a problem presence, and also signifying that they were not really British (McLaughlin, 264). Gilroy (1987) has added to this by analysing discourses on race, crime and nations. Perceptions of the weakness o f black culture and family life, sometimes explained by absence of a father or authority figure, or more crudely, by a lack of respect for the Law and English tradition of civility, served to define black people as lesser breeds without the Law , as the others who stands outside what is meant to be British(Gilroy, 1987). nonetheless the significance of the prolonged campaign that led to the inquiry into the murder of Stephen Lawrence cannot be overstated. Dominant representations of black people as a problem for white British society have been successfully challenged (Murji, 274).The media is the most powerful organisation which does a big impact on social construction of the crime. The importance of the news media in framing the public understanding of social problems is widely recognized (McLaughlin,263). Research in many countries confirms that crime reports are among the most headlines catching of news commodities. It is also suggested that there is broad correspondence amid t he images of criminality articulated in the news media and the interpretation for this (Murji, 264). Such as media presentation of the information reinforces social construction of the crime (McLaughlin et al, 264).There are three levels of explanation in the study of deviant and criminal behaviour. A first level of explanation is concerned with the universe of the many different forms of human behaviour that occur in any society ( Becker,1963). Biology may contri yete towards an explanation of this diversity, but it can neer provide the whole explanation. It is always necessary to take account of processes of socialization (Becker, 1963). A second level of explanation is concerned with the variation in norms between social groups, as manifested particularly in cultural and subculture differences ( Becker, 1963). Socialization takes place within particular social groups, and it is the norms of these groups that provide the standards for the identification of particular kinds of be haviour as criminal( Becker, 1963). The third, and final, level of explanation is concerned with the ways in which particular individuals are identified as criminals by others and so come to develop a criminal identity. This is a matter of social reaction and control ( Becker, H,1963).In addition to understand social construction of crime, it is very important to look back at historical theoretical periods, which plays an important roles in revitalising past discoveries, putting new stress on the interpretation of events and relating these to current happenings(Jock Young, 307).First of all I would like to look at Marxist theory, where he sees crime being endemic in the social order. According to Marxism, men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directed encountered, given and transmitted from the past (Marx, 1969,p.360). Marxist frameworks have developed a Marxist th eory of crime. From Marx perspectives crime is seen largely as the product of capitalism, with criminal and antisocial behaviour indicative of the contradictions and problems inherent in the capitalist system (Marsh, 1997, 519). The basic motivation of capitalism, such as emphasis on materialism and self- enrichment, encourage self-interested, anti-social and, by implication, criminal behaviour (Marsh, 1997, 519). Marxist s argues that business crime is largely ignored by the legal system. There are some well publicized exceptions, but these tend just to reinforce the impression that criminals are mainly from the working classes and that business criminals are not real criminals they are just doing what everyone else does (Marsh,1997,519). Marxist arguments suggest that capitalism produces the conditions that generate criminal behaviour. According to him, crime occurs because of economic deprivation and because of the contradictions that are apparent in capitalist society. workin g class crime is a rebellion against inequality and against the system that uses the legal process- including the Law, the police, courts and prison as weapons in a class war(Marsh, 1997, 522).According to Durkheims crime theory, he points out two arguments on crime growth. The first argument is, that modern industrial urban societies encourage a state of egoism which is contrary to the maintenance of social solidarity and to conformity to Law , and second is, that in periods of rapid social change anomies occurs. By this he meant an anomic disordered society lacking effective forms of social control, and thereby leading to a state of individually perceived normlessness (Frank Heathcote, 347). Durkheim arguments that crime is inevitable and functional does not explain the causes of crime or why definite people are more likely to engage in, criminal activities than others (Frank Heathcote, 348). More recently functionalist theories, based on the notion of there being a worldwide co nsensus of values and norms, have focused on causes of criminal behaviour.Functionalist theories of crime tend to assume that there is general consensus within society over what is right and pervert behaviour. The interactionist approach questions this assumption it does not see criminals as essentially different from so called normal people. Many people commit criminal action and it is and so not easy to maintain a clear distinction between the criminal in terms of particular personal characteristics (Marsh, 1997, 517).To summary, in my essay firstly I discussed that, crime has been seen as a response to the frustration felt by those who cannot achieve the norms or goals of society. Secondly, how dominant representations of black people as problems for white people society have been successfully challenged. Thirdly, that the media is the most powerful organisation which does a big impact on social construction of the crime, and finally I argued two most important theories, which are still in use.

Symptoms Of Sick Building Syndrome Construction Essay

Symptoms Of Sick Building Syndrome Construction EssaySBS stands for Sick Building Syndrome. It covers a mixture of symptoms thought to be gene set upd when a savant at school spends time in a particular mental synthesis. The symptoms ladder from itchy eyes, skin rashes, and nasal allergy symptoms, to more complicated symptoms such as fatigue, pains, and sensitivity to odours. On the other(a) hand, it whitethorn be curb to more serious diseases like freightercer and pneumonia.SBS was first identified in the 1970s, and its identification at this time beca wasting disease of the increasing number of electronic equipment and other factors. The term SBS is used when a large number of people occupying a particular create break symptoms associated with their presence in that building. Later on, the symptoms disappear. In most cases sick building syndrome occurs in office buildings, schools and apartment buildings.SBS is suspected when the following circumstances be correspondSym ptoms ar temporary and associated with time spent in a particular building or place.Symptoms disappear when the individual is not in the building.Symptoms reappear seasonally (heating, cooling).Symptoms and their severity are different from person to person.The signs and symptoms of a diagnosable illness are easy to identify and can be directed to specific mobile building contaminants. On the other hand, the cause(s) of symptoms in cases of SBS are often difficult to pin down and in many cases different factors may lead to the situation. When a sick building is identified an investigation should be done. Once the causes are identified, corrective measures must be taken to ensure that any adverse reception exhibited and cause(s) are isolated to chafe the realm safe for the students and school personnel.The prevalence of sick building syndrome is a problem, entirely statistics are limited. A World wellness Organization (WHO) overlay from 1984 suggested that up to 30% of brisk and renovated buildings worldwide may generate excessive complaints related to indoor air quality (1). This high rate may be associated with modern mass produced construction materials that tend to off load gas irritating volatile organic chemicals (VOCs). In a U.S. report on office workers questioned at random, 24% reported air quality problems in their work place, and 20% believed this harmed their ability to do their job effectively (2) (http//www.houseofplants.co.uk).Symptoms of SBS mess suffering from SBS present different symptoms, like other creators such asHeadachesEye infections and irritationsVisual impairment tremorsDamage to the central nervous system campaign noses and throat irritationsDry coughsDry, itchy skin and rashesDizziness and nauseaDifficulty in concent valuationFatigue and tirednessBreathing difficultiesPneumonia and chest infectionsCauses of SBSThe mechanism by which a building or anything within the building causes employees to become sick is unknown. Pro blem areas can be tardily identified and curative action taken afterward an investigation.Causes are listed on a lower floorBuilding design, maintenanceFailure of ventilating system systemInterior design factorsLevels of specific pollutants, humidity and temperatureMultiple chemicals acting in conclave to cause sicknessAge of buildingType of materials used in buildingSBS is associated with the presence of certain mechanisms and pollutants. Most of the symptoms appear because of known toxic do of high levels of certain chemicals. rough symptoms are chiefly allergic irritations which could result from various allergens in a building. Other symptoms are suggestive of those really see by sufferers of chemical sensitivity and many of the indoor pollutants.Occurs in building with ventilation problems and may occur along with upper respiratory tract infection, Or with direct contact with chemicals, dust and gases.Itchiness, soreness, redness, eye lashes drop and excessive tear prod uction.HeadacheTension, prolonged exposure to different irritant substances and long working hours. hassle across the forehead, begins in the back of the head and upper neck as a band-like tightness or pressure and may end with vomiting.FeverCaused by breathing water supply droplets from humidifiers or from an air filter ventilation system. Or exposure to chemicals that irritate the lungs and cause infection in the lung.Productive cough, aching limbs, headache, tiredness, lethargy and abdominal pain.Skin problemsOccurs in exposed areas because of the direct exposure to chemical and different irritant substances like painting materials and products.Rashes, batches, itchy, dry skin and may end with chronic skin inflammation.StressPhysical changes lack of sleep and new environment.Headaches, digestive dis hostels, fatigue and lethargy, sleeping disorders, skin disorders and isolation from community.Lung problemExposure to dust, ventilation problems and chemicals.Cough, breathlessnes s, may end with lung cancer.Throat ProblemsDry mucous membranes, ventilation problems and chemicals.Hoarseness, dry throat pain, recurrent throat infections and chronic Asthma.School EnvironmentStudents spend most of their twenty-four hours in the school its their second house. From that aspect, the school environment should be physically and emotionally safe, well disciplined, and conducive to learning. Safety is an important issue, which may affect the students physically and psychologically from this aspect, and there are important points that should be consideredStructure of the schoolSchool building structures consist of columns, structural walls, beams, floors, and roof structures, which provide their stability. School buildings increase invisible cracks in concrete columns, structural walls, beams and floors. At the beginning, they are not an important issue. With time, the school building moves, creating stresses at joints in materials which ends in small cracks appearing . However, this is the rule process of a structure settling in its foundation. But, with the presence of other factors it makes the issue more serious. The idea is to be able to differentiate. In the event of a major structural problem in a school building, it should be evaluated by a structural engineer, and corrective measures should be made accordingly.Special prudence should be made to these aspectsBending in columns, beams, and roof structureRotting in wood structural components and floor structureRusting of metal structural components e additionally in high humidity weatherROOFINGThe roof protects the school building from rain, sun, wind, and keeps water from getting into the school building. The waterproofing system should be kept in a proper way. To prevent problems from happening, the roof should be kept in good shape and annually maintained. structure EXTERIOR utilise different building materials in school buildings is common nowadays for example, using fashion blocks i n the walls and having exteriors as maintenance free as possible to inflict costs. But new school buildings may feature concrete blocks or brick walls even though fashion blocks in some walls are kept. The school buildings exteriors result still need annual maintenance plans to protect the materials. The plan will consider the type and quality of materials used and their current condition. Some school buildings are old, and the exterior may not be quite suitable for a maintenance free plan. The biggest threats to school buildings exteriors are water, sun, wind, and being in areas near the coast.BUILDING INTERIORThe design of the inside of a building is an important issue. Paint maintenance should be paid special attention, because it plays a major roll in preventing the deterioration of the building, and usually cracks are invisible when they superstart to appear. Also, the paint should be good quality to avoid any irritation reaction.GROUNDSThe area just about the school is mad e of concrete, but a pathway may be concrete, brick, stone, asphalt, or even wood. Such materials need good maintenance and must be watched for conditions that may cause major hazards such as slips and falls. Any major hazards should be eliminated through repair, ramping or clearing. Annual checkups and repairs must be done if the condition of the material deteriorates.ClassroomsHealthy classrooms are ones that have adequate ventilation, lighting, an adequate number of students per class, and proper classroom temperature. All previous points which were discussed should be use properly.Ventilation worthy Ventilation is important to the indoor air quality. Air-conditioning, the type of material used and maintenance also affect indoor air quality in order to optimise performance and prevent students becoming sick.Many factors may affect indoor air quality and contribute to many health problems, the comfort, and the performance of students.Temperature on that point are many causes of si ck building syndrome like uncontrolled temperature (high or low). If there is a wide variation in temperature, it will affect other factors such as the increasing possibility of exposure to fever and throat infections. Therefore, maintaining adequate temperature inside classrooms will allow the students to perform butter. One must make sure that dangerous or offensive fumes are prevented from escaping into the classroom through the heating or cooling system.humidnessHumidity can lead to different problems. It could vary from a simple one to a complicated one. For example, bacteria, fungi, and parasites live in places where humidity is preceding(prenominal) the normal levels, and they enter the body mainly through the respiratory system, resulting in some kind of respiratory infection. In classrooms, the range of controlled humidity is 40% to 70% in order to increase students effectiveness. The range of relative humidity in warm classrooms should be less than 40%. Therefore, there s hould be annual checking of controls on a regular basis, and also, checking should cover the cleanliness of equipment for humidifying. fitting lightingEnsure that there is adequate lighting in the classrooms and whole building to avoid a lot of problems.Surveys by the National Institute of Ophthalmology showed that or so 38.8 percent of students at 260 schools in Ho Chi Minh City have refraction problems, short-sightedness, far-sightedness, and astigmatism. The ratio in the northern Hai Phong City was 60 percent, while in Hanoi, Da Nang and the central Ha Tinh Province, it ranged from 25 percent to above 30 percent. Doctors attributed the high incidence of weak eyesight to substandard classrooms in terms of size, area and light, as well excessive time spent working with computers SummaryTo sum up, there are different factors that could affect the school environment, and some of them were discussed above. Some problems can be avoided by early detections and by finding proper solutio ns to avoid any health problems that arise. If a problem is detected earlier it can be solved during the design step or maybe later in order to maintain a safe school environment. SBS affects productivity, increases the rate of absenteeism, inadequate concentration and fatigue. It affects the well-being of the students and all school personnel and their performance. All the measures are directed to avoid and reduce the risk factors that affect student health.Task 2BREEAMBREEAM is a method used internationally to prize a buildings surrounding area. It can be applied to asses both new and old buildings. There are several types of environmental mind systems in use such as BREEAM, ESRSA, and CEEQUAL. Because it is used in two significant areas of the globe, BRE Global introduced two new geographic schemes that are use by BREEEAM International assessors which are BREEAM Europe and BREEAM Gulf. In addition to these two schemes, the BREEAM In Use and BREEAM Communities schemes are also accessible for use on international buildings and developments.Since BREEAM is astray used in Europe and as it used in the gulf, the BREEAM Gulf scheme can be used to assess the environmental impacts of any building located in the Gulf region. This will be explained later on in this paper.BREEAM provides designers, planner and others with key factorsIt ensures the best environmental practice is included in a buildingIt finds solutions that help to minimise the environmental impactIt ensures the use of high standards and regulationsIt reduces the costs and improves working and living environmentsIt reduces the time needed to finish the workSteps of BREEAM assessmentThere are two steps in BREEAM which can be used to evaluate the environmental effect secondary to building development1. Design Stage (DS)2. Post-Construction Stage (PCS)Design StageThis step should be done before construction deeds start. Related information should be available to enable the BREEAM assessor to demonstr ate, in a healthy manner, the buildings performance against the reporting and evidential requirements of the technical guidance. The official assessment of DS will be carried out at the detailed design stages.Post-Construction StageThis step starts after construction work has finished. In this step, an evaluation and the BREMM rating are used before building occupation.The post-construction stage is divided into two approaches1. A post-construction review of a design-stage assessment2. A post-construction assessmentA post-construction estimation aims to detect the BREEAM rating achieved at the design stage in accordance with the reporting and evidential requirements of the technical guidance. Where a formal DS assessment has not been carried out and a BREEAM assessment and rating is required, a full PCS assessment can be conducted.BREEAM GulfBREEAM Gulf has been developed and established in collaborationism with a variety of large organisations based in Qatar, Abu Dhabi and Dubai. The intent of the system is to bring all the new and used building types in the area into use. The available BREEAM system can be used to evaluate, demonstrate and improve the building environment.The system has been developed in the Gulf region to resemble UK BREEAM system categories it provides special assessment points in relation to environmental impacts associated with construction in the Gulf region.The BREEAM Gulf systemThe BREEAM system for the Gulf assessment point areas is as belowMaterialsWasteWaterManagementHealth and WellbeingLand Use and EcologyEnergyTransportPollutionDuring the assessment phase within apiece point from the above table, numbers of credits must be assessed to appraise the performance achieved by the development. This set of points is modified to fit the Gulf regions conditions and climate. They are applied to each point to enable the weighted scores to be added together to produce a single overall score for the building. Then, the score is translated into a 1-5 star rating and the highest level of environmental performance will score 5 stars.Unlike BREEAM in the UK which generally looks at building uses separately, a BREEAM assessment in the Gulf evaluates the performance of a whole building taking into account the different uses that are present (e.g. offices, retail, residential etc.). This approach reflects the construction market in theregion where mixed use buildings are the norm. The assessment, therefore, produces a single score for each assessed building based on an area weighted calculation.Differences with BREEAM in the UKThe purpose of BREEAM Gulf is to evaluate the construction industry in the region to achieve and maintain higher levels of sustainability. It also aims to identify local contexts and issues, and with this consideration, all of the codes and standards which should be maintained are described in the guidance.Figure3 factors affecting indoor environmentwww.yoshino-gypsum.com//sickhouse01.htmAppendixesCas e study 1The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) has conducted a study about IAQ (indoor(a) Air Quality). William Blackstone wide-eyed School was one of three schools selected to pilot EPA Indoor Air Quality Tools for Schools (IAQ TfS) kit up and Program in 1999. The school is located in Bostons South closing and is one of 120 schools in the Boston Public School System. The school was built in 1975, using the typical design of that time brick walls, mostly mat roofs, Plexiglas windows, and visible duct work. It has a history of IAQ and health-related problems, specifically high rates of asthma among students. William Blackstone Elementary School was one of three schools selected to pilot EPA Indoor Air Quality Tools for Schools (IAQ TfS) Kit and Program in 1999. The school nurse noticed that the asthma rate was higher than the national average of two cases per classroom. staff were also aware of serious problems with water intrusion during heavy rain, stained and collapsed ce iling tiles, peeling paint and stains on the walls, rust on support beams, and water damage to equipment and furniture.Problem recognitionProblems identified by the checklists and walkthrough included the followingAn above-average number of asthma cases and illnesses typically associated with indoor air quality problems (headaches, nausea, etc.).Water damage, such as mold and mildew, missing, stained, and broken ceiling tiles, fungal growth on ceiling tiles, and damaged ceiling and wall plaster.Thermal discomfort, such as widely fluctuating temperatures, too high or too low humidity levels, and cold drafts.Ventilation problems, such as poor air circulation and lack of have fans in some bathrooms.Cleanliness problems, such as dust accumulation around the supply vents and surrounding ceiling tiles, infrequent dusting and vacuuming, and pest problems.So, according to the findings, the IAQ team was organise and they established a meeting to list the causes of the problems and find sol utions.ImprovementsThe IAQ team implemented some actions to improve the indoor air quality at Blackstone Elementary School. The EPAs IAQ TfS Kit gave the team the leverage it needed to persuade the school district to improve the environmental problems in the school. Once the Superintendent was informed of the schools IAQ issues and the teams recommendations, Blackstone Elementary was placed on a high-priority list for roof repairs and other renovations.A number of improvements have been done, including roof repairs. There is a plan for installing new energy-efficient lighting and new ceiling tiles. Additionally, carpets will be replaced with tiles in the classrooms. The school nurse started to assess students health and document any new asthma cases over the next course of instruction to establish a link between the indoor environment and childrens health.SummaryThe surrounding environment plays a role in students performance and affects their health directly. This sum that attent ion must be given at some point during design stage or later to avoid unwanted risky problems that may affect students health. Some problems can be detected easily like eye infections, but others like asthma will be treated but its effects are lifelong. Poor ventilation, lighting, humidity and temperature all can produce health problems therefore, good ventilation, adequate lighting, and proper temperature should be maintained. High performance building features should be incorporated into the design process, and school building systems should be commissioned to ensure that they are operating according to design.Case study 2 crop in schools is getting a lot of attention at local, state and federal levels, the Houston Chronicle reported in 2002. Wide variations in temperatures and humidity levels in South Texas make it difficult to maintain internal atmospheric conditions to minimise the formation of mold or mildew.Pharr-San Juan-Alamo School Districts Memorial High School, three ag e after it was established, faced a toxic mold problem that reached crisis stage. There were complaints from teachers, staff and students that some staff and students were becoming ill, and as a result students go forth the school. As with many schools, the indoor air quality at the school was poor because of high ventilation, the high number of students per classroom, high intermittent ventilation load and carryover from showers in gyms and locker rooms, and long periods where the building was vacant. There was an increase in heat, humidity, moisture, bad ventilation and filtration. The building had reached a saturation point. Leaks from the roof and windows contributed to the problem, and mold growth. Humidity inside the building was as high as 90 percent.Problem recognitionInstability of the weather (uncontrolled hot, humidity, moisture)Bad ventilation and filtrationLeaks from roof and window formulate growthSolutionCut off the source of moisture and mold removedFresh air from outside drawn to the building to regulate ventilationEquipment fixed to supply dry air to the building via temporary desiccant dryersCarpets exchanged for tilesImprovements outcomeAfter three months the desiccant dehumidification system driedthe buildingThe school is kept at 45 percent relative humidity and 75F tempThe mold growth is inhibited.Reduced absenteeism rate among students windupHealthy environments in school settings empower students to learn more and increase their effectiveness. It also helps school personnel to meet their goals in teaching and other work. From the above case study it can be seen that any problem in the school environment affects students health and learning ability. The problem can be easily detected by studying the causes and solving them. Many problems can be avoided byChoosing a good design of heating, ventilation, and air conditioningControlling moisture to prevent mold growth and preventing damage to building materials and systemsMaintenance of t he roof and windows

Lower Lip Shave for Squamous Cell Carcinoma Reconstruction

tear down Lip S perplex for Squamous Cell Carcinoma ReconstructionLower lip s deliver for reconstruction of set about lip squamous cadre carcinomaIntroductionGlobal estimates of the incidence of unwritten squamous cubicle carcinoma vary slightly between assorted sources, but it appears to be around the eighth commonest site for malignant tumours, with approximately 300,000 cases per year (Shaw, Pace-Balzan, Butterworth, 2011, Parkin et al. 2005) (Shaw et al. 2011) (Scully Bagan, 2009) (Saman Warnakulasuriya, 2009). The relative incidence of raze lip cancer is 35%, which is the highest among verbal cancers sites and is most likely due to chronic exposure to sunlight (Bauer et al. 2014).Although the modifiable risk factors such as tobacco, alcohol, diet and lifestyle (S. Warnakulasuriya, 2009) have been identified in the past, only a modest decline in incidence has been reported in recent decades (Chaturvedi et al. 2008). Moreover, an increase of oropharyngeal cancer cases ha s been related to HPV infections, highlighting the federal agency played by HPV 16 as well as sexual behaviour in head and pick out cancer (Chaturvedi et al. 2008 Marur et al. 2010). Despite the decline in the prevalence of smoking in industrial countries, there is no noticeable reduction in ad-lib squamous kiosk carcinoma (OSCC) incidence (Shaw et al. 2011). genus Cancer is a infirmity that is perhaps more dreaded by more people than any other ailment. The prognosis, in the early stages, therefore, is favourable. The most satisfactory results argon obtained when the disease is find early and treated promptly. A sound and suggestive approach to the problem of cancer control.Patient and methodsA 55-year-old tolerant was referred by a General checkup Practitioner (GMP) regarding a one year level of re flow lower lip swelling and infection. The patient reported having a lump on her lower lip for approximately one year. At first it was smaller in size and eventually almost o ccupied the whole lower lip within the one year. The patient complained of intermittent pain and dryness with occasional suppurative discharge from the lower lip. She had had frequent courses of antibiotics and at the time of initial consultation was on a course of fluconazole. The patient had a history of biopsy priorly with the diagnosis of verbal lichen planus in this region. Although, there had been an improvement of the symptoms after previous treatment at that time, a reduceificant deterioration of symptoms had recurred with ad caravanced swelling and crusting of the lower lip. According to the GMP and the patient, the lesion was worsening and had become resistant to topical medical treatment. There was no load loss, abdominal or other establishmentic features observed. The patients appetite, sleep and mood were good. The patient had also been diagnosed with bats asthma 5 years prior. The patient consumed minimal amounts of alcohol, did not usage any tobacco products a nd most of her time was spent indoors.Clinical examinationExtra- oral exam examination there was no detectable lymphadenopathy. 20mm hemorrhagic and crusting lump present on the lower lip and tender on touch, nodular in nature.Intra-oral examination the oral mucosa was well lubricated and mild reticular white lines were present bilaterally on the buccal mucosa with no oral mucosa speckling or ulceration evident. The patient wore upper and lower complete acrylic dentures. An incisional biopsy was performed on initial consultation. The incisional biopsy report of the sample taken showed moderate dysplasia but given the clinical examination and the nature of the long history of symptoms, it might have been that the biopsy represented only a particular part and in truth likely that there had been invasive components to the other parts of the lip. The patient was referred desperately to the viva and Maxillofacial Surgery Department for further treatment even though the lip was healing well after the incisional biopsy.Method of TreatmentThe viva and Maxillofacial Consultant decided to perform a lip shave of the orange red (Kolhe Leonard, 1988) and a tumour biopsy. This method of treatment is advisable in potentially malignant and early malignancy of small lesions and where there is no metastasis present. Involvement of the lymph nodes was not observed, thus the operative removal of the lymph node was not indicated.The vermilionectomy, also and give known colloquially as the lip shave, lip peal, or lip scalp operation, refers to the elliptical, horizontal excision of the unresolved mucous membrane or vermilion of the lip, generally of the lower one, with resurfacing or retreading of the surgically created defect by the advancement of the undermined labial mucosa, thereby providing fresh covering which will tolerate many more years of wear (Kurth, n.d.). This procedure is a relatively simple, well-standardised, non-deforming plastic procedure of short duration.A fter general anesthesia has been performed, surgical preparation of the field with pale antiseptic solution is applied, and after appropriate draping, the exposed area of lip vermilion to be excised is first outlined with a methylene blue glide by mark, after which the underlying tissues are locally infiltrated with Lignospan 2% (180000) solution. The outlined mark is incised throughout its entire extent while the lip is firmly immobilized with the toss and index finger of the free hand, with care being taken to make vertical rather than oblique shelving incisions so that subsequent closure will be facilitated and hypertrophic scarring prevented. After the mucosa is first elevated by sharp dissection from one corner, it can then most conveniently be removed by curved, pointed scissors grip down to the muscular layer. In cases of superficial malignancy, even a deeper resection can be performed without impairing the watertight closure of the lips or jeopardizing the cosmetic resul t. After haemostasis has been secured with 3-0 Prolene, the labial mucosa is undermined for an appropriate withdrawnness down to the deep muscular plane, the surgically created defect being closed by the advancement and approximation of this mobilized flap, which is then coupled to the cutaneous edge. To achieve an even and symmetrical closure trey key sutures are first inserted, the first in the mid-portion of the lip and the remaining two bisecting the distance between the first suture and the commissures. The continuous sutures of 6-0 Prolene can then be inserted consecutively from the wound edge. The knots should not overlay the suture line so as not to retard healing. The donor site was sutured with continuous Vicryl 3.0 suture.The excised mucosal lesion was ellipsoid in shape with the parameters of 14mm horizontally x 20mm from superior to inferior x 8mm in depth. The mucosal excision was marked with the suture material (long stitch right-sided. Short stitch lingual) and se nt for histopathological examination.The patient was given broad spectrum antimicrobial (Amoxicillin 500mg) injections for at to the lowest degree 3 days postoperatively and advised to use the lips as little as possible. The wound was kept moist during the day with frequently changed dressings of sterile form saline which contributed considerably to the patients comfort. At night a thick layer of Aureomycin was advised, to be applied to the suture line to prevent crusting and infection. After three days the alternate sutures could be removed, and the remaining ones on the next day following the healing having progressed satisfactorily. The patient was instructed to keep the resurfaced lip well lubricated with Vaseline, lanolin, or similar preparations for quite some time postoperatively, and was also advised to avoid undue exposure to the sun.ConclusionAlthough, the patient had been primarily treated for symptomatic oral lichen planus, the condition had worsened significantly withi n a year. A second incisional biopsy showed moderate dysplasia. Furthermore, the history of rapid symptom progression of the lesion justified the performance of a prompt excisional biopsy under general anesthesia. The most recent hisopathological report confirmed the moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma diagnosis, whereas moderate dysplasia was representative of only part of the lesion. tumour thickness was about 4mm (exophytic and endophytic components) with focally non-cohesive invasion pattern.The lesion was successfully removed within excision margins from 2mm to over 5mm. Nevertheless, close follow up will be move and the necessity of radiotherapy has been considered at a multidisciplinary meeting as margin dysplasia was found of varying grades at all margins.The lip shave is thus a non-deforming plastic operation of great value in the prophylaxis and treatment of lip cancer and in the cosmetic correction of certain congenital, neoplastic, and traumatic lip defor mities. (Kurth, brim SHAVE OR VERMILIONECTOMY INDICATIONS AND TECHNIQUE). This is obviously not a technique suitable for all lip defects, but in selected cases it gives a very satisfactory result. watchwordTumours are divided into two main classes one being benign and the other, malignant. A tumour may show any degree of malignancy, which in frolic has an important bearing on the prognosis and on the prospect of successful treatment. The carcinoma is a malignant epithelial tumour. It is the commonest of all malignant tumours. Among the most important carcinomas is the squamous cell carcinoma. It grows particularly on the skin, lip, tongue, larynx, cervix, and urinary bladder. Ulcers about the spill or lips that does not heal in ten days to two weeks is a significant sign of oral cancer. If detected early and properly diagnosed, cancer is often cured or at least controlled.Incidences of oral cancer have been rising in many countries around the world (Saman Warnakulasuriya et al. 2 008). The 5-year survival rate for oral cancer has not significantly improved in the past 30 years and system at approximately 50% (Jemal et al. 2004). Many oral squamous cell carcinomas are preceded by clinically evident oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) (Saman Warnakulasuriya, Mak, Mller, 2007). It is very important to prevent malignant change in people diagnosed with OPMDs, but the hazard ratios of various OPMDs are not well known. OPMDs include hyperkeratosis or epithelial hyperplasia, epithelial dysplasia (Schepman et al. 1998, spontaneous Leukoplakia and Malignant Transformation, 1984) erythroplakia (Reichart Philipsen, 2005) and oral submucous fibrosis (Murti et al. 1985, Pindborg et al. 1984) and their clinical phenotypes are well documented. Hyperkeratosis or epithelial hyperplasia, epithelial dysplasia and OSF are the most common oral mucosal disorders in the regions where areca chew chewing is prevalent, such as India, Taiwan, and other Southeast Asian coun tries (Pindborg et al. 1984, Reichart Philipsen, 2005, Lee et al. 2003, Silverman et al. 1976, Kaas et al. 1994, Chung et al. 2005). The malignant potential of oral lichen planus (OLP) remains moot because of the absence of universally accepted diagnosis criteria (Chung et al. 2005). The malignant transformation rates of OPMDs show a great variation for example, 1020% of hyperkeratosis or epithelial hyperplasia, epithelial dysplasia may transform to cancer and the estimated annual rate is 1.4%7% (Schepman et al. 1998, spontaneous Leukoplakia and Malignant Transformation, 1984).In oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) there have been many efforts to identify the factors that will allow staging in a way that accurately predicts prognosis. Many different factors have been investigated as possible predictors of end point including patient age (Thoma et al. 2014), performance status (Rades et al. 2011) laboratory (Wittekindt P. et al. 2013) histologic grade (Arduino et al. 2008, Weijers Snow et al. 2009, Caslin R. et al. 1992, Piffk et al. 1997, Brandwein-Gensler et al. 2005, Lindenblatt et al. 2012, Kurokawa et al. 2005), and various biomarkers (Ziober et al. 2008, Grimm, 2012). Current staging criteria from the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) for head and neck cancer rely only on tumour size, node status, and the presence of outside metastasis (TNM). Extracapsular nodal spread, positive margins, and lymphovascular invasion are use as indications for adjuvant radiation or chemotherapy but are not part of the staging criteria. Histologic grade is not included in the current staging criteria because its ability to predict a prognosis has historically been controversial (Roland et al. 1992). Although SCC staging protocol in the seventh edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging manual seems to represent an improvement from previous editions, there are still significant shortcomings, the greatest of which is a lack of practicality. Several studies have qu estioned the prognostic accuracy of the TNM system for oral cancer since neither patients comorbidity, specific tumour related factors nor multimodal treatment regimens such as preoperative radiochemotherapy (RCT) are incorporated (Kreppel et al. 2013).Nevertheless, a strong tie between conventional cytology grade and survival in patients has been stated by several investigators (Weigum et al. 2010, Editor Kurtycz, 2011, Thomas et al. 2014). A high histologic grade in early stage oral cavity cancer is associated with poorer survival and carries strong-minded prognostic value, in addition to tumour size, node status, and the presence of a distant metastasis (TNM) stage. Thus, histologic grade is considered clinically when making treatment decisions, and multivariable models of survival should include grade as a covariate to improve prognostic accuracy (Thomas et al. 2014). Lip tumours are ordinarily low grade, whereas tumours from teeth to back of tongue are increasing in malignan cy as we pass back (Grade 2) tumours of pharynx-high-grade malignancy (grade 3). Grading is a useful method of communication between pathologist and surgeon and is also used as a guide to treatment. Briefly, grades 1 and 2 are usually treated surgically, whereas grades 3 and 4 require radiation. Furthermore, the influence of immunological parameters on the prognosis of OSCC has already been discussed in the 1970thand 1980thReferences 8,9.Despite the fact that oral cancer and its causes are well known to the medical and dental professions, and that the tissues of the mouth are accessible for early detection of any abnormal condition, intraoral cancer continues to present an important problem. pickaxe of early cancer diagnosis is often difficult, especially in some cases where early symptoms are not present or misleading such as in the present case. The gross appearance first presents a local induration, then a warty mass followed by deep infiltration. The malignant ulcer is slow-gro wing, hard, indurated, and invasive with round edges. It may or may not involve the lymphatic nodes.Furthermore, the risk factors associated with these OPMDs and oral cancers have been established. Tobacco use, alcohol abuse and areca quid chewing habits are important risk factors. The associated factors in the progression of the disease and malignant transformation of OPMDs have not been well defined in previous studies lesion type (Schepman et al. 1998, Oral Leukoplakia and Malignant Transformation, 1984, Murti et al. 1985, Pindborg et al. 1984, Lumerman A. et al. 1995, Hsue et al. 2007), age (Hsue et al. 2007), lifestyle habits (Schepman et al. 1998, Hsue et al. 2007, Chen S. et al. 2000) and lesion subsites (Scully et al. 2003) were significant factors related to malignancy, but the results from different studies vary and firm conclusions cannot be drawn.Excision of the exposed mucosa or vermilion of the lips can be safely performed even under local anaesthesia and is particular ly indicated in situations requiring resurfacing of the lip, notably extensive precancerous leukoplakia or chronic solar cheilitis the chronic sunburn of the weather-beaten farmers or sailors skin or tropical skin of the inhabitants of sunny climates. (Kurth, Lip Shave or vermilionectomy indications and technique). Furthermore, according to the author the best results with local flaps are achieved in midline defects of the lower and upper lip.ReferencesA, M. R. L., Kaas, W., Ja, L., Nw, J. (1994). Role of areca nut in the causation of orai submucous fibrosis a case- control study in Pakistan.Allen, E. C. M., Lumerman, H., Freedman, P., Kerpel, S. (1995). ad-lib AND MAXILLOFACIAL PATHOLOGY Oral epithelial dysplasia and the development of invasive squamous cell carcinoma, 79(3), 321329.Arduino, P. G., Carrozzo, M., Chiecchio, A., Broccoletti, R., Tirone, F., Borra, E., Gandolfo, S. (2008). Clinical and histopathologic independent prognostic factors in oral squamous cell carcinoma a retrospective study of 334 cases. daybook of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Official diary of the American friendship of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 66(8), 15709.Bauer, A., Hault, K., Knuschke, P., Beissert, S., Bauer, A. (2014). These articles have been accepted for publication in the British Journal of Dermatology and are currently being edited and typeset .Brandwein-Gensler, M., Teixeira, M. S., Lewis, C. M., Lee, B., Rolnitzky, L., Hille, J. J., Wang, B. Y. (2005). Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. The American Journal of operative Pathology, 29(2), 167178.Chung, C.-H., Yang, Y.-H., Wang, T.-Y., Shieh, T.-Y., Warnakulasuriya, S. (2005). Oral precancerous disorders associated with areca quid chewing, smoking, and alcohol drinking in southern Taiwan. Journal of Oral Pathology Medicine Official outlet of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 34(8), 4606.Editor, S., Kurtycz, D. F. I. (2011). The Role of Cytology i n Oral Lesions, 40(1), 7383.Grimm, M. (2012). Prognostic value of clinicopathological parameters and outcome in 484 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma microvascular invasion (V+) is an independent prognostic factor for OSCC. Clinical Translational Oncology Official Publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico, 14(11), 87080.Hsue, S.-S., Wang, W.-C., Chen, C.-H., Lin, C.-C., Chen, Y.-K., Lin, L.-M. (2007). Malignant transformation in 1458 patients with potentially malignant oral mucosal disorders a follow-up study based in a Taiwanese hospital. Journal of Oral Pathology Medicine Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 36(1), 259.Jemal, A., Tiwari, R. C., Murray, T., Ghafoor, A., Samuels, A., Ward, E., Thun, M. J. (2004). Cancer statistics, 2004. CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 54(1), 829Kolhe, P. S., Leonard, a G. (1988). Recons truction of the vermilion after lip-shave. British Journal of Plastic Surgery, 41(1), 6873Kreppel, M., Dreiseidler, T., Rothamel, D., Eich, H.-T., Drebber, U., Zller, J. E., Scheer, M. (2013). The role of clinical versus histopathological staging in patients with advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma treated with neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy followed by radical surgery. Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery Official Publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, 41(1), 227.Kurokawa, H., Zhang, M., Matsumoto, S., Yamashita, Y., Tomoyose, T., Tanaka, T., Takahashi, T. (2005). The high prognostic value of the histologic grade at the deep invasive front of tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Journal of Oral Pathology Medicine Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 34(6), 32933Kurth, Lip Shave or vermilionectomy indications and technique. British Journal of Plastic Surgery.1957 Jul10(2)156-62.Lee, C.-H., Ko, Y.-C., Huang, H.-L., Chao, Y.-Y., Tsai, C.-C., Shieh, T.-Y., Lin, L.-M. (2003). The precancer risk of betel quid chewing, tobacco use and alcohol consumption in oral leukoplakia and oral submucous fibrosis in southern Taiwan. British Journal of Cancer, 88(3), 36672.Lindenblatt, R. D. C. R., Martinez, G. L., Silva, L. E., Faria, P. S., Camisasca, D. R., Loureno, S. D. Q. C. (2012). Oral squamous cell carcinoma grading systemsanalysis of the best survival predictor. Journal of Oral Pathology Medicine Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 41(1), 349.Murti, P. R., Bhonsle, R. B., Pindborg, J. J., Daftary, D. K., Gupta, P. C., Mehta, F. S. (1985). Malignant transformation rate in oral submucous fibrosis over a 17-year period. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 13(6), 3401.Oral Leukoplakia and Malignant Transformation. (1984).Peter, F., Wittekindt, C., Finkensieper, M., Kiehntopf, M., Guntinas-Lichius, O. (2013). Prognostic impact of pretherapeutic laboratory values in head and neck cancer patients. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, 139(1), 1718.Piffk, J., Bnkfalvi, a, Ofner, D., Bryne, M., Rasch, D., Joos, U., Schmid, K. W. (1997). Prognostic value of histobiological factors (malignancy grading and AgNOR content) assessed at the invasive tumour front of oral squamous cell carcinomas. British Journal of Cancer, 75(10), 15436.Pindborg, J. J., Murti, P. R., Bhonsle, R. B., Gupta, P. C., Daftary, D. K., Mehta, F. S. (1984). Oral submucous fibrosis as a precancerous condition. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research, 92(3), 2249Rades, D., Seibold, N. D., Gebhard, M. P., Noack, F., Schild, S. E., Thorns, C. (2011). Prognostic factors (including HPV status) for irradiation of locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Strahlentherapie Und Onkologie Organ Der Deutschen Rntgengesellschaft et Al, 187(10), 62632Reichart, P. a, Philipsen, H. P. (2005). Oral erythroplakiaa review. Oral Oncology, 41(6), 55161Roland, N. J., Caslin, a W., Nash, J., Stell, P. M. (1992). Value of grading squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Head Neck, 14(3), 2249.Schepman, K. P., van der Meij, E. H., Smeele, L. E., van der Waal, I. (1998). Malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia a follow-up study of a hospital-based population of 166 patients with oral leukoplakia from The Netherlands. Oral Oncology, 34(4), 2705.Scully, C., Bagan, J. (2009). Oral squamous cell carcinoma overview of current taste of aetiopathogenesis and clinical implications. Oral Diseases, 15(6), 38899.Scully, C., Sudb, J., Speight, P. M. (2003). Progress in determining the malignant potential of oral lesions. Journal of Oral Pathology Medicine Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 32(5), 2516.Shaw, R. J., Pace-Balzan, A., Butterworth, C . (2011). Contemporary clinical management of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Periodontology 2000, 57(1), 89101.Shiu, M. N., Chen, T. H., Chang, S. H., Hahn, L. J. (2000). Risk factors for leukoplakia and malignant transformation to oral carcinoma a leukoplakia cohort in Taiwan. British Journal of Cancer, 82(11), 18714.Silverman, S., Bhargava, K., Smith, L. W., Malaowalla, a M. (1976). Malignant transformation and natural history of oral leukoplakia in 57,518 industrial workers of Gujarat, India. Cancer, 38(4), 17905.Thomas, B., Stedman, M., Davies, L. (2014). Grade as a prognostic factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma a population-based analysis of the data. The Laryngoscope, 124(3), 68894.Warnakulasuriya, S. (2009). Causes of oral canceran appraisal of controversies. British Dental Journal, 207(10), 4715.Warnakulasuriya, S. (2009). Global epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Oral Oncology, 45(4-5), 30916.Warnakulasuriya, S., Mak, V., Mller, H. (2007). Oral cancer surv ival in young people in South East England. Oral Oncology, 43(10), 9826.Warnakulasuriya, S., Parkkila, S., Nagao, T., Preedy, V. R., Pasanen, M., Koivisto, H., Niemel, O. (2008). Demonstration of ethanol-induced protein adducts in oral leukoplakia (pre-cancer) and cancer. Journal of Oral Pathology Medicine Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 37(3), 15765.Weigum, S. E., Floriano, P. N., Redding, S. W., Yeh, C.-K., Westbrook, S. D., McGuff, H. S., McDevitt, J. T. (2010). Nano-bio-chip sensor platform for examination of oral exfoliative cytology. Cancer Prevention Research (Philadelphia, Pa.), 3(4), 51828.Weijers, M., Snow, G. B., Bezemer, P. D., van der Waal, I. (2009). Malignancy grading is no better than conventional histopathological grading in small squamous cell carcinoma of tongue and floor of mouth retrospective study in 128 patients. Journal of Oral Pathology Medicine Official Publication o f the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 38(4), 3437.Ziober, B. L., Mauk, M. G., Falls, E. M., Chen, Z., Ziober, A. F., Bau, H. H. (2008). LAB-ON-A-CHIP FOR ORAL CANCER SCREENING AND DIAGNOSIS, (January), 111121.

Jesus - Effeminate Liberal or Right Wing Republican? :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

Jesus - Effeminate Liberal or Right Wing Republican?In recent years, a popular motto in the Christian world has been WWJD? or What Would Jesus Do? This poses a deep, probing question to all believers as we live to daily pattern our lives by and by the example of the Master. In every situation, Jesus always reflected His Fathers perfect wisdom, mercy and justice. In this election year, we have an opportunity to look at this from virtually bizarre angles. A new question could be posed HWJV? or How Would Jesus Vote? In todays world, it is very easy to allow our perception of Jesus to be skewed by our ideology, attempting to define Him in light of our preconceived views. As a Christian whose political views generally lean to the conservative side, I hushed must recognize that both conservativism and bigism are man-made philosophies, both having their respective limitations in regards to biblical truth. As Christian sociologist Tony Campolo astutely points out Republicans whitethorn dress Jesus in a Brooks Brothers suit while Democrats put Him in the denim work clothes of union workers...There is no intermit way for a political party to establish the legitimacy of its political point of view than to declare that Jesus is one of its members. This remaking of Jesus is non just some kind of harmless campaign technique...The Bible calls it idolatry (see Romans 122-23, 25) (1) I sincerely hope my intentions in writing this message leave behind not be misunderstood. Jesus was not a political figure, and I am not attempting to present Him in that manner. Nonetheless, the Bible does tell us that cultured government is to be an instrument of God in bringing order to society (see Romans 13), and in order for it to accomplish this, it is important that it be modeled afterwards the message and example of Jesus. Obviously, the political climate in which Jesus lived was vastly different from our own. To apply modern labels such as conservative or liberal to a person wh o lived on earth 2000 years ago is spurious to say the least. In fact, thither were numerous political parties and factions in Jesus day, yet there is no evidence that He ever joined any of them. Modern Christianity is sometimes criticized for attempting to tie the Gospel to a right flee political ideology. Unfortunately, some of this criticism is justifiable. As we will see, having a consistently Biblical world view will not always fit neatly into left wing or right wing categories.

Multicultural Education Essay -- Sociology, Ethnic Differences, Equali

Multicultural Childrens LiteratureMulticultural education must be integrated into the curriculum and focus on the appreciation of all cultures and ethnic differences. Much research has been documented supporting the use of high attribute multicultural childrens literary productions as a powerful medium to develop varying cross-cultural understandings of perspectives concerning cultures, roles, insights, traditions and beliefs (Au, 2001 Callins, 2006 Howrey & Whelan, 2009 Lowery & Sabis-Burns, 2007 Mei-yun, 2007) . Teachers also can use multicultural literature depicting childrens worlds as a means to bridge home and school cultures personally as well that of the students. Within Howrey and Whelans (2009) research project, utilization of multicultural childrens literature was used to enhance teachers to become culturally responsive educators. According to Villegas and Lucas (2002), exposure to the literature of different groups can give future teachers approach to the rich texture s of peoples lives, hopes, aspirations, dreams, disappointments, pains, and joys (p. 27). Literature can be a powerful vehicle for understanding cultures and experiences different from our own. Howrey and Whelan (2009) research analysis concluded that multicultural childrens literature provides not only a mirror on one culture and a window to another for children, but for adults as well. (p. 132). In parallel, the work of Evans (2010) highlights the use of multicultural literature to address racial, ethnic, and linguistic equality. In this qualitative study, demonstrated that through using an innovative critical literacy practice with multicultural literature, students awareness and understanding of others was positively impacted. Over a period of ti... ... multifariousness of our society and understand that all teachers enter the classrooms with personal social identities and cultural biases. Respecting, valuing, and celebrating personal and students unique strengths foster in cr eating equitable classroom communities. Taking the time to develop appropriate knowledge bases, having high expectations for all students, providing a welcoming environment, and on the job(p) with family members and the community, depict a multicultural classroom atmosphere. Sheets (2009) provides on culturally responsive instruction, it is important to become conscious that the arduous journey from novice to expert requires heavily work, relentless commitment, and a high investment of time and energy (p. 17). All teachers must continually acquire the ability to apply and translate ideologies immersed within diversity to enable all students to achieve.

An Early Start to Foreign Language Learning Essay -- Language

Today there are between six and vii thousand linguistic communications being spoken around the world. Millions of children all over the world are figureing a second or even third language beginning before they reach high school. For instance, China has more than two hundred million students studying English in elementary school, while the coupled States has a mere twenty-four thousand learning Chinese (Glod 1). The lack of bilingualism has become an ever-increasing problem in the United States ability to compete globally with former(a) economically powerful countries. Satellite programming, increased international travel, and the use of the Internet in different parts of the world have created a global community. No single country can produce all the goods and services that are needed to exist autonomously. Because of this, children have the opportunity to become powerful political and fear leaders of the future. Therefore, the need for a second language has become progressivel y more imperative. Through many studies and reports, experts have determined that the best time to learn a foreign language is during elementary school. However, according to the U.S Department of Education, in the United States only 24% of public elementary schools report teaching a foreign language during this time. This being said, a problem exists. Only 44% of high school students are currently enrolled in foreign language classes. tour Spanish comprises 69% and French makes up additional 18% of their enrollment (Department of Education). Less than 1% combined of these students study languages such as Arabic, Chinese, Farsi, Japanese, Korean, and Russian. During George W. Bushs presidency, Bush addressed the issue and determined that the United States needs more ... ...hildren have the opportunity to broaden their horizons personally and professionally.Works CitedCognitive Benefits of check up oning linguistic communication. American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Langua ge, Fall 2007. Web. 1 June 2012. Glod, Maria. Schools Try Elementary Approach To Teaching Foreign Languages. Washington Post 8 Aug. 2006. Print. Marcos, Kathleen. Why, How, and When Should My Child Learn a Second Language? Kids Source, 26 July 2000. Web. 2 June 2012.Raab, Nina. The Cognitive Benefits of Learning a Second Language. Fusion Huntington Beach. N.p., 27 Nov. 2011. Web. 1 June 2012.Snuggs, Carla, ed. Foreign Language in Preschool The Benefits of Teaching Multiple Languages in Daycare or Preschool. Suite 101, 28 Jan. 2008. Web. 30 May 2012.Why We Need to Learn a Foreign Language Young Cracking the Learning Code, n.d. Web. 30 May 2012.

Computer Crime :: essays research papers

According to term estimator crime means Criminal activity flat cogitate to the use of computing machines, specifically illegal trespass into the computer system or database of a nonher, manipulation or theft of stored or on-line data, or sabotage of equipment and data.       at that place are many ways to commit computer crime. Some examples of computer crime are 1)     Accessing a computer, system, or network.2)     Modifying, damaging, using, disclosing, copying, or taking programs or data. 3)     Introducing a virus or other contaminant into a computer system. 4)     Using a computer in a scheme to defraud.5)     Interfering with someone elses computer access or use.6)     Using encryption in aid of a crime.7)     Falsifying e-mail source information.8)     Stealing an information service from a pro vider. Over the last twenty years, a technological revolution has occurred, as computers are now an essential element of todays society. In the conception of computers, computer fraud and computer crime are very prevalent issues facing every computer user. Computers without any means of security are under attack(predicate) to attacks from viruses, worms, and illegal computer hackers. A definition of computer crime has changed over the years as the users and misusers of computers have expanded into new areas. When computer were first introduced into businesses, computer crime was defined simply as a form of while-collar crimes committed inside a computer system. Computer crimes are hard to define, because the term is not subject to a precise definition, and it requires vast amounts of computer knowledge to understand how and why it happened. If we defined the term "computer", it means an electronic, magnetic, optical, electrochemical, or other amply speed data processing d evice performing logical, arithmetic, or storage functions, and includes any data storage facility or communications facility directly related to or operating in conjunction with such device, but such term does not include an automated typewriter or typesetter, a take-away hand held calculator, or other similar device. Computer crime laws in many states prohibit a person from performing certain acts without authorization, including others listed above. To prevent computer fraud and computer crime the government had to take a few steps. In 1974, they passed a simple Federal Privacy playact of 1974. A decennary later, the computer crime was increasing rapidly, the government amended the acts and made it a federal crime. In the summary of the Acts, they are as follows     Federal Privacy Act of 1974 Goes further that the Freedom of Information Act in that it requires that individuals be able to correct federal information about themselves, by requiring that agenc y information not be used for alternate purposes without the individuals consent.